Boiler_Fundamentals

Steam Condenser of Turbine Steam condenser is a device in which the exhaust steam from steam turbine is condensed by means of cooling water. The main purpose of a steam condenser in turbine is to maintain a low back pressure on the exhaust side of the steam turbine . After releasing from nozzles, the steam has to expand to a great extent for converting available energy into it to usable mechanical work. So, if the steam after doing its, work, does not get condensed, it will not give required space to other steam behind it, to expand to its required volume. Condensation of steam in a closed system, creates an empty place by reduction of volume of the low pressure steam. It is found that, 1 Kg of dry steam at 1.033 kg/cm 2 absolute pressure has a volume of 1.673 m 3 when it is condensed into water at 100 o C in a steam condenser, its volume becomes 0.001044 m 3 . The volume of steam would be thus 1/1644 parts of the space inside the vessel, and the pressure would fall to 0.2...

Rankine Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle Principles of thermodynamics are useful for power cycle for of electrical power generation (i.e net power output) and to study refrigeration & heat pump which requires input of net power. Classification of thermodynamics power cycles can be done into two types: Vapor cycle working fluid exists in liquid phase during one part of the cycle (i.e from condenser outlet to Boiler) and mixed phase wit in the steam boiler and in vapor phase at the Boiler outlet. Gas cycle working fluid during the cycle remains in gas phase. Steam power generation units run on vapor power cycle using water as the working fluid. Under this section attempt is made to familiarize the readers with the concepts of ideal vapor cycle called Rankine cycle . Typical Power Plant Cycle Electrical power is generated by using vapor cycle power plants by using Coal, Lignite, Diesel, Heavy furnace oil as fuel depending upon the availability and cost. The flow s...

Alternator Synchronous Generator And Types of Alternators An   alternator   is defined as a machine which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of   alternating current   (at a specific voltage and frequency). Alternators are also known as synchronous generators. Use of Alternator The power for the electrical system of a modern vehicle gets produced from an alternator. In previous days, we used DC generators or dynamos for this purpose, but after the development of alternator, we replaced the DC dynamos by more robust and lightweight alternator. Although the electrical system of motor vehicles requires direct current, still an alternator along with diode rectifier instead of a DC generator is a better choice as the complicated commutation is absent in alternator. This particular type of generator used in the vehicle is known as an automotive alternator (learn how an alternator is constructed). Another use of alternators is in diesel-...

Power Transmission Systems: What Are They? (AC vs DC) Electric Power Transmission Electric power transmission systems are the means of transmitting power from a generating source to various load centers (i.e. where the power is being used). Generating stations generate electrical power. These generating stations are not necessarily situated where the majority of the power is being consumed (i.e. the load center). Since distance is not the only factor that determines the ideal location for a generating station, the place where the power is generated may be quite far away from where it is used. Land further from the load center (which is generally a high-density central location) can be much cheaper per square meter, and governments may not want such loud and/or polluting stations close to residential areas. Hence power transmission systems are crucial to the supply of power in electrical networks. Overall, electrical supply systems are the network through which consumers o...

Hydro Power Plant | Construction Working and History of Hydro power plant In hydroelectric power station the kinetic energy developed due to gravity in a falling water from higher to lower head is utilised to rotate a turbine to produce electricity. The potential energy stored in the water at upper water level will release as kinetic energy when it falls to the lower water level. This turbine rotates when the following water strikes the turbine blades. To achieve a head difference of water hydroelectric electric power station are generally constructed in hilly areas. In the way of the river in hilly areas, an artificial dam is constructed to create required water head. From this dam water is allowed to fall toward downstream in a controlled way to turbine blades. As a result, the turbine rotates due to the water force applied to its blades and hence the alternator rotates since the turbine shaft is coupled with alternator shaft. The main advantage of an electric power plant is t...

Water Tube Boiler | Operation and Types of Water Tube Boiler Water tube boiler is such kind of boiler where the water is heated inside tubes and the hot gasses surround them. This is the basic definition of water tube boiler. Actually this boiler is just opposite of fire tube boiler where hot gasses are passed through tubes which are surrounded by water. Advantages of Water Tube Boiler There are many advantages of water tube boiler due to which these types of boiler are essentially used in large thermal power station. Larger heating surface can be achieved by using more numbers of water tubes. Due to convectional flow, movement of water is much faster than that of fire tube boiler, hence rate of heat transfer is high which results into higher efficiency. Very high pressure in order of 140 kg/cm 2  can be obtained smoothly. Working Principle of Water Tube Boiler The working principle of water tube boiler is very interesting and simple. Let us draw a very bas...

What is Steam? Steam can be best understood, by understanding the concept of atomic structure and molecular structure of matter. A molecule is the small amount of any element or compound and still possessing all the chemical properties of substance. A molecule themselves are made up of even smaller atoms. Example molecule of water is made from two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Since hydrogen and oxygen are plentiful in the atmosphere, thus water is made from atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are also plentiful. Carbon is the another element found in abundance. Many substances exist in more than one physical states i.e solid, liquid and in vapour phases. Example water exists in liquid, solid(ice) and steam. Phase or state depends on upon the molecular arrangement and its bounding. Molecule excitation is related to the physical state of the substance. What is Triple Point? Steam can be best understood, by understanding the concept of atomic structure and molecular st...

What is Electric Current and Theory of Electricity What is Electric Current? The  electric current  is the rate of flow of  electric charge  through a conducting medium with respect to time. When there is a potential difference between two points in a conductive medium, electric charge starts flowing from the higher potential point to the lower potential point to balance the charge distribution between the points. The rate of flow of charge in respect of time is known as electric current . Current Formula If q Coulomb electric charge gets transferred between these two points in time t sec, then the current can be calculated as In differential form, the current can be represented as Unit of Current As the current is the ratio of transferred charge to the time taken for this charge transferring we can say one unit current is such a rate of charge transferring in which one Coulomb charge is transferred from one point to another in one second. H...